In Russia in the 1930s railways were in almost constant crisis, mainly as a result of under-resourcing and political interference. Problems were to be solved in a "Bolshevik manner" ie using new and radical ideas, promoted by non-technical commissars and theoreticians. The results were usually unhappy.
STALIN'S ENGINE: THE AA20-1. 1934
This notorious design was built at Lugansk Works, emerging in December 1934. [1] It became famous as the largest non-articulated locomotive in Europe, and in particular for having the most coupled axles in the world. A few countries produced 12-coupled designs, but nobody else tried 14. It was intended for heavy haulage on light (78 lb/yd) rails, with a modest loading of 20 tons per axle, on the Moscow-Donbass route. (The "20" in AA-20 refers to 20 tonnes per axle) It successfully made a publicity trip to Moscow in Jan 1935, but never entered service. No details are available of trial runs.
[1] Bell, writing in 1946, states that construction began as a 2-14-4 at the Krupp works in Essen, to a Soviet design, but was then transferred to Lugansk, where a leading bogie replaced the pony truck.
In (unsuccessful) attempts to get the AA-20 round curves, the middle three axles had flangeless wheels, and universal joints were include in the coupling rods between first and second, and sixth and seventh, axles.
Above: One of the very few pictures of the AA20-01 4-14-4 locomotive.
It was clear, though never publicly admitted, that the AA20 was a complete disaster. It spread the track, wrecked every set of points it passed over, and derailed almost every time it moved. Steaming was poor, and the locomotive too powerful for existing couplings and too long for the turntables. It was totally unusable.
After 1935 it was stored for 25 years at the Shcherbinka test facility and finally scrapped in 1960.
Above: Side elevation of AA20-01. Note the enormous firebox for burning low-quality coal.
THE OR23-01 OPPOSED-PISTON STEAM LOCOMOTIVE. 1949
I assume the point of opposed pistons was to obtain balance of the fore-and-aft forces, which would mean a reduction in wheel balance weights, and hence in hammer-blow on the track. There still seem to be heavy connecting rods going back-and-forth, so I'm not too convinced this was a sound plan. It seems to have been exclusively a Russian scheme.
This was the only conventional steam opposed-piston design; see below for steam-diesel versions.
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| Left: The opposed-piston OR23-01 steam loco of 1949. This experimental 2-10-4 was designed by N A Turkin and M N Anykeev, and built at the Oktober Revolution (OR) Locomotive Works at Voroshilovgrad. No more were built.
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Below: The mechanism of OR23. The overhung crank on the centre axle reverses the direction of movement of one of the opposed pistons.
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TEPLOPAROVOZ! THE 8000 2-8-2 OPPOSED-PISTON STEAM-DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE: 1939
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| Left: Steam-diesel 2-8-2 opposed-piston freight locomotive No 8000, built 1939 at Voroshilovgrad Works. The name on the front is "Stalinets" ie a follower of Stalin.
Teploparovoz is Russian for "Diesel-Steam".
This loco used the Still Steam-Diesel system.
See also the Kitson-Still Locomotive.
In this case the outsides of the pistons were acted on by steam and the inner sides by internal combustion. Fleming states this system was later replaced by uniflow steam cylinders.
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Below: The mechanism of 8000. The jackshaft on the right reverses the direction of movement of one piston.
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The 8000 had many problems; for example, its 25 tonne axle-loading was too great for the track. It was stored in 1948 and never ran again.
TEPLOPAROVOZ! THE TP1-1 2-10-2 OPPOSED-PISTON STEAM-GAS LOCOMOTIVE: 1940
The TP1-1 has been "Coming soon" for some nine years. This shameful record has now been ended.
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| Left: The TP1-1 2-10-2 opposed-piston steam-gas locomotive
Unlike the other locomotives on this page, the TP1-1 was a cab-forward design. It was intended to run on anthracite, which was apparently crushed and gasified to fuel the internal combustion cycle, while the pulverised coal left over from this process was fed to the firebox of the boiler to raise steam. Work began on designing this machine at Kolomna locomotive works on July 8th, 1939. It was supposed to be at least as powerful as one of the FD (for Felix Dzerzhinsky, founder of the NKVD) class 2-10-2s; you can see an illustration of one of those splendid machines here:
Felix Dzerzhinsky 2-10-2 (external link)
The cab at the front is for the driver, but there was also a cab at the back for the crew tending the boiler and gas generator; the number of men there is not known. Presumably, given the complications of steam-gas operation, effective communication between the two cabs was essential, but nothing is currently known about how (or indeed, if) this was accomplished.
Images from 'Locomotives of the Nation's Railways 1845-1955' by Vitaly Rakov, published (in Russian) in Moscow in 1995.
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TP1-1 was intended to develop 3,000-3,500 HP, with 2,000 HP from the gas cycle and 1,000-1,500 HP from steam. It had a total of 8 pistons, powering the wheels via a jackshaft and rocking-lever at each end; note there were 4 crossheads per side. The steam cylinders used Marshall valve gear, while the gas cycle was two-stroke and fuel was supplied by what literally translates as 'a gas and air turboblower' at 1.2 kg/cm2. The gas generator was in the tender and provided 4,750 m3 of gas per hour. Hoped-for efficiency was 11%, but the text is silent as to whether this figure was achieved. It is suspected not.
Work proceeded quickly and TP1-1 made its first journey on December 26th, 1939, when it ran down the line from Golutvin station (the nearest to Kolomna works) towards Ryazan. Deadlines tended to be rather inflexible at that point in Soviet history, but speed of construction seems to have been aided by the fact that a lot of standard components from various production classes of steam locomotives were incorporated.
It was then taken to the test-track at Shcherbinka, due south of Moscow (still in operation today) and made 76 trips, totalling 1,790 kilometers. It was not a success. It only worked properly at speeds of 25-30 km/h and less. Once it got up to 40-45 km/h, the gas cycle would pack up after about 10-15 mins and the gas-air mixture would ignite prematurely on admission to the cylinders. Apparently Kolomna works had sorted out the bugs by early 1941 by shortening the piston heads and thus reducing the compression, but then the war intervened and TP1-1 was quietly forgotten about.
Confusingly, this locomotive was also called "Stalinets", the name carried on the forward cab.
TEPLOPAROVOZ! THE 8001 2-10-2 OPPOSED-PISTON STEAM-DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE: 1948
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| Left: Steam-diesel opposed-piston passenger locomotive No 8001, wheel arrangement 2-10-2, built 1948 at Voroshilovgrad Works.
This was the third and last teploparovoz prototype to be built. It has been described as "almost a complete disaster", so presumably a few things went right.
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The complicated drive mechanism of 8001 was similar to that of TP1-1 above, except that the cylinder assemblies were lowered to wheel level.
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| Left: The drive mechanism of 8001
With eight cylinders, eight crossheads, and four extra rocking levers it does not look promising from the point of view of maintenance.
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Bibliography:
"Locomotives", by A M Bell. 5th Edn. pub Virtue & Co, 1946
"Russian Steam Locomotives", Fleming. pub J.Marshbank 1960
'Locomotives of the Nation's Railways 1845-1955' by Vitaly Rakov, 1995
